Technologies

Every technology tracked, from class to segment: the leading companies, the projects deploying it, the minerals it depends on, and funding open right now.

Lithium-ion Long-duration storage Distributed storage & VPPs

Projects tracked

0 operating · 0 in construction

Capital committed

Not disclosed

no project-level financing disclosed yet; company raises are on Capital

Companies tracked

ranked on this page

Operating capacity

None yet

nothing operating yet

Next milestone

Dec 31, 2027

45X: advanced manufacturing

What changed recently

last 120 days · from the timeline below

EVE Energy: EVE storage shipments reach 67.52 GWh in first nine months of 2026 · news · Oct 23, 2026
EVE Energy: EVE unveils all-solid-state and dedicated sodium-ion products at Chengdu base · news · Oct 20, 2026
BYD Energy Storage: BYD Energy Storage expands global BESS after-sales network to nine O&M centers · news · Oct 19, 2026
Hithium: HiTHIUM passes 200 GWh cumulative shipments at Chongqing ceremony · news · Oct 16, 2026
EVE Energy: EVE subsidiary signs five-year Fluence battery supply framework up to 206 GWh · news · Sep 29, 2026

Activity timeline

Open in the Brief calendar →

Coming up

Dec 31, 2027
POLICY45X: advanced manufacturing
Wind components end after 2027. Solar and battery components: 75% in 2030, 50% in 2031, 25% in 2032, none from 2033. Critical minerals: 75% in 2031, 50% in 2032, 25% in 2033, none from 2034. Affects Lithium-ion.
+ THESIS
Dec 31, 2033
POLICY45Y / 48E: all other clean power and storage
Full credit for projects beginning construction through 2033; 75% for 2034 starts, 50% for 2035, none from 2036. Affects Lithium-ion.
+ THESIS

Oct 23, 2026
OTHEREVE Energy: EVE storage shipments reach 67.52 GWh in first nine months of 2026
Nine-month 2026 energy storage battery shipments rose 39.46% year on year to 67.52 GWh, per the third-quarter report. Group net profit attributable to shareholders rose 86.11% to CNY 5.24 billion.
ess-news.com →+ THESIS
Oct 20, 2026
PROJECTEVE Energy: EVE unveils all-solid-state and dedicated sodium-ion products at Chengdu base
On October 20, 2026, EVE held a launch ceremony at its Chengdu base for the Longquan No. 3 2.0 all-solid-state battery and a dedicated sodium-ion solution. The company also signed strategic cooperation agreements with SceneRay at the event.
energytrend.com →+ THESIS
Oct 19, 2026
OTHERBYD Energy Storage: BYD Energy Storage expands global BESS after-sales network to nine O&M centers
The company operates nine O&M centers of 2,500 square meters each, with over 200 field engineers and a 24-hour response standard.
globenewswire.com →+ THESIS
Oct 16, 2026
OTHERHithium: HiTHIUM passes 200 GWh cumulative shipments at Chongqing ceremony
HiTHIUM held a 200GWh shipment milestone ceremony at its Chongqing base on October 15, 2026, per its press release. This is a cumulative shipment figure, not the 2025 share metric used in the profile.
prnewswire.com →+ THESIS
Sep 29, 2026
CONTRACTEVE Energy: EVE subsidiary signs five-year Fluence battery supply framework up to 206 GWh
Hubei EVE Power signed a five-year battery supply framework with US storage integrator Fluence covering up to 206 GWh for 2027 to 2031. Reported in September 2026.
ess-news.com →+ THESIS
Sep 16, 2026
PROJECTBYD Energy Storage: BYD launches 62 MWh GC Block for gigawatt-scale storage plants
The standardized station-level unit comes in configurations up to 62 MWh and uses 1,980 Ah Blade Battery cells, unveiled at the 2026 Shenzhen expo.
ess-news.com →+ THESIS
Aug 31, 2026
PROJECTBYD Energy Storage: BYD announces up to 500 million reais investment in Brazil energy storage
BYD announced investment of up to 500 million reais in Brazil and presented global storage solutions at Intersolar South America 2026.
bnamericas.com →+ THESIS
Aug 30, 2026
PROJECTCORNEX: CORNEX puts 70 GWh Xiangyang lithium battery base into operation
The Xiangyang, Hubei industrial park began operations on August 30, 2026, moving from construction to full production and adding 70 GWh of capacity.
energy-box.com →+ THESIS
Aug 26, 2026
CONTRACTCORNEX: CORNEX secures 1.5 GWh cell framework deal with Windey in Brazil
Signed at Intersolar South America, CORNEX becomes core cell supplier for Windey's first overseas ESS plant in Bahia, designed for 1.5 GWh annual capacity.
en.cnesa.org →+ THESIS
Aug 21, 2026
OTHERBYD: Benchmark: BYD Energy Storage ranks fourth in H1 2026 cell shipments
BYD Energy Storage held a 6.7% share of global BESS cell shipments in H1 2026, up from sixth place in 2025, with 83.3% year-on-year growth. It ranked first in complete BESS system shipments with a 9.1% share. The date is an estimate based on the article's age.
source.benchmarkminerals.com →+ THESIS

Leading companies

Battery cells

Commercial (realized) · ranked by: Share of 2025 global storage-cell shipments (~600 GWh)

Cells made for stationary storage (mostly lithium iron phosphate). Ranked by share of 2025 global storage-cell shipments.

Rincell

Fremont, CA, USA · Makes 21700 high-energy and high-power lithium-ion cells, with a Fremont pilot line and a planned US plant.

Early commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Lyten

San Jose, CA, USA · Develops lithium-sulfur battery cells and bought European battery assets from bankrupt Northvolt.

Commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Factorial Energy

Billerica, MA, USA · Develops semi-solid-state, lithium-metal battery cells for EVs, drones and robots.

Early commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Amprius Technologies

Fremont, CA, USA · Makes silicon-anode lithium-ion cells for drones, aviation and defense.

Commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Pure Lithium

Chicago, IL, USA · Develops graphite-free LFP battery cells with an electrodeposited lithium-metal anode.

Prototype?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Stryten Energy

Alpharetta, GA, USA · Makes lithium-ion motive and energy storage batteries, including the M-Series Li610 cell.

Commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Market context · 5 companies · established commercial leaders, for scale

1
CATL
Ningde, China · LFP cells; largest battery maker overall
30% (167 GWh)
Public (SZSE: 300750; HKEX: 3750) · Nov 2026 · sneresearch.com
2
Hithiumunverified
Xiamen, China · Storage-focused LFP cells
~12%
Private (Hong Kong IPO filed) · 2025 · energy-storage.news
3
EVE Energy
Huizhou, China · LFP storage cells
~12%
Public (SZSE: 300014) · 2025 · energy-storage.news
4
BYD
Shenzhen, China · Blade LFP cells; also #3 integrator
10%
Public (HKEX: 1211) · 2025 · energy-storage.news
5
CORNEX
Wuhan, China · LFP storage cells
Top 10 (9th per InfoLink; share not published)
Private · Nov 2026 · bsl-battery.com

System integrators

Commercial (realized) · ranked by: Wood Mackenzie 2025 global integrator rank

Companies that design and deliver complete grid battery systems. Ranked by Wood Mackenzie's 2025 global integrator ranking.

Market context · 5 companies · established commercial leaders, for scale

1
Tesla Energy
Austin, TX, USA · Megapack grid batteries; #1 in North America too
#2
Public (NASDAQ: TSLA) · Nov 2026 · woodmac.com
2
Sungrow
Hefei, China · PowerTitan systems; also a leading inverter maker
#1
Public (SZSE: 300274) · Nov 2026 · woodmac.com
3
BYD Energy Storage
Shenzhen, China · Integrated cells-to-systems
#4
Subsidiary of BYD (HKEX: 1211) · Nov 2026 · battery-tech.net
–
NextEra Energyunverified
Juno Beach, FL, USA · Utility developer-integrator; top 3 in North America
Chinese integrators hold 76% of the global market
Top 3 North America
Public (NYSE: NEE) · Jun 2026 · woodmac.com
–
Fluence
Arlington, VA, USA · Siemens/AES joint venture; Gridstack systems
#7
Public (NASDAQ: FLNC) · Nov 2026 · woodmac.com

Critical inputs

What lithium-ion depends on, what each input does in this technology, and how exposed it is (red high, blue medium, green low). Prices are 2025 averages (USGS); live prices arrive with Markets.

Graphite
HIGH EXPOSUREUS critical mineral
The anode in nearly all lithium-ion cells.
IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK
How much is used
About 1 kg per kWh.
Substitutes
Silicon blends and lithium titanate; sodium-ion uses hard carbon.
Supply risk for this use
China supplies about 78% of natural graphite and nearly all battery-grade anode material; the US imports 100%. China has restricted graphite exports since 2023.
pubs.usgs.gov
Price
Flake $1,000/t import value (2025)
Producers
China 78%, Madagascar 4%, Tanzania 4%, Brazil 4% (natural)
US import reliance
100%
US imports from
China 46%, Canada 13%, Mozambique 13%, Mexico 12%
Largest producer: China
Lithium
MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral
Carries the charge in every lithium-ion cell; in LFP and NMC cathodes and in the electrolyte.
IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK
How much is used
About 0.1 kg of lithium (0.6 kg lithium carbonate equivalent) per kWh.
Substitutes
Sodium-ion batteries for some stationary storage.
Supply risk for this use
Mining is spread across Australia, Chile, China and Argentina, but China refines most of it; US import reliance is over 50%.
pubs.usgs.gov
Price
$9,000/t battery-grade carbonate (2025 avg)
Producers
Australia 32%, China 21%, Chile 19%, Zimbabwe 10%
US import reliance
>50%
US imports from
Chile 54%, Argentina 43%
Largest producer: Australia
Nickel
MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral
Raises energy density in NMC cathodes (not used in LFP, which dominates storage).
IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK
How much is used
About 0.5–0.8 kg per kWh in high-nickel NMC; zero in LFP.
Substitutes
LFP chemistry avoids it entirely.
Supply risk for this use
Indonesia mines about two-thirds of world supply with Chinese processing; storage has largely moved to LFP.
pubs.usgs.gov
Price
$15,000/t LME (2025 avg)
Producers
Indonesia 67%, Philippines 7%, Russia 5%, New Caledonia 4%
US import reliance
41%
US imports from
Canada 44%, Norway 11%, Australia 8%
Largest producer: Indonesia
Cobalt
MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral
Stabilizes NMC cathodes.
IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK
How much is used
About 0.1–0.2 kg per kWh in NMC; zero in LFP.
Substitutes
LFP and low-cobalt cathodes.
Supply risk for this use
DR Congo mines about 74% of the world's cobalt and China refines most of it; storage largely avoids it via LFP.
pubs.usgs.gov
Price
$21/lb US spot cathode (2025)
Producers
DR Congo 74%, Indonesia 14%, Russia 2%, Madagascar 1%
US import reliance
79%
US imports from
Norway 26%, Finland 16%, Canada 14%, Japan 14%
Largest producer: DR Congo
Manganese
MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral
Cathode material in NMC and the newer LMFP chemistry.
IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK
How much is used
Small in NMC; larger in LMFP.
Substitutes
Iron (LFP).
Supply risk for this use
South Africa and Gabon lead mining; the US imports 100%, and battery-grade manganese sulfate is mostly made in China.
pubs.usgs.gov
Price
$4.50/mtu, CIF China (2025)
Producers
South Africa 38%, Gabon 25%, Ghana 10%, Australia 8%
US import reliance
100%
US imports from
Ore: Gabon 64%, South Africa 24%, Mexico 12%
Largest producer: South Africa
Copper
MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral
Anode current collector foil, busbars and wiring.
IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK
How much is used
About 0.5–1 kg per kWh at the cell and pack level.
Substitutes
Aluminum current collectors in sodium-ion.
Supply risk for this use
Widely traded; tariffs raise US cost.
pubs.usgs.gov
Price
$4.80/lb COMEX (2025 avg)
Producers
Chile 23%, DR Congo 14%, Peru 12%, China 8%
US import reliance
57%
US imports from
Refined copper: Chile 68%, Canada 16%, Peru 7%, Mexico 6%
Largest producer: Chile
Aluminum
MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral
Cathode current collector foil and pack enclosures.
IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK
How much is used
Several kg per kWh at the pack level.
Substitutes
Steel for enclosures.
Supply risk for this use
The US imports 60%; China smelts most of the world's aluminum, and Section 232 tariffs raise cost.
pubs.usgs.gov
Price
$1.80/lb US spot ingot (2025)
Producers
Smelting: China 61%, India 6%, Russia 5%, Canada 4%. Bauxite: Guinea 34%, Australia 22%, China 20%
US import reliance
60%
US imports from
Canada 56%, UAE 8%, Bahrain 4%
Largest producer: China
Silicon
MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral
Blended into anodes to raise energy density (emerging).
IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK
How much is used
Small today, growing.
Substitutes
Graphite (current standard).
Supply risk for this use
China produces about 87% of silicon metal.
pubs.usgs.gov
Price
$1.30/lb silicon metal (2025)
Producers
Silicon metal: China 87%, Brazil 4%, Norway 3%
US import reliance
> 50% (silicon metal)
US imports from
Ferrosilicon: Russia 30%, Brazil 16%, Canada 13%
Largest producer: China

Government funding opportunities tagged Lithium-ion

Affordable Rural Cooperative (ARC) Energy Program
Rural Utilities Service · RUS-ARC-2026 · due 2026-11-20
Advanced Reserve Power Source Technologies
DoD USAF SBIR · DAF27BZ01-DV013 · due 2026-11-25
Persistent, Geochemically-Driven Low-Temperature Power Systems for Subsea Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
DoD NAVY STTR · DON27TZ02-NV010 · due 2027-01-06
Compact High Energy Density Capacitors For Pulsed Field X-Ray Generators
DoD DTRA STTR · DTR27TZ02-NV003 · due 2027-01-06
Residential Solar and Storage Equity budget (Self-Generation Incentive Program)
CPUC

LOADING…

Leading companies

Battery cells

Commercial (realized) · ranked by: Share of 2025 global storage-cell shipments (~600 GWh)

Cells made for stationary storage (mostly lithium iron phosphate). Ranked by share of 2025 global storage-cell shipments.

Rincell

Fremont, CA, USA · Makes 21700 high-energy and high-power lithium-ion cells, with a Fremont pilot line and a planned US plant.

Early commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Lyten

San Jose, CA, USA · Develops lithium-sulfur battery cells and bought European battery assets from bankrupt Northvolt.

Commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Factorial Energy

Billerica, MA, USA · Develops semi-solid-state, lithium-metal battery cells for EVs, drones and robots.

Early commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Amprius Technologies

Fremont, CA, USA · Makes silicon-anode lithium-ion cells for drones, aviation and defense.

Commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Pure Lithium

Chicago, IL, USA · Develops graphite-free LFP battery cells with an electrodeposited lithium-metal anode.

Prototype?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Stryten Energy

Alpharetta, GA, USA · Makes lithium-ion motive and energy storage batteries, including the M-Series Li610 cell.

Commercial?

Updated 4 days ago · Stage updated

Market context · 5 companies · established commercial leaders, for scale

1
CATL
Ningde, China · LFP cells; largest battery maker overall
30% (167 GWh)
Public (SZSE: 300750; HKEX: 3750) · Nov 2026 · sneresearch.com
2
Hithiumunverified
Xiamen, China · Storage-focused LFP cells
~12%
Private (Hong Kong IPO filed) · 2025 · energy-storage.news
3
EVE Energy
Huizhou, China · LFP storage cells
~12%
Public (SZSE: 300014) · 2025 · energy-storage.news
4
BYD
Shenzhen, China · Blade LFP cells; also #3 integrator
10%
Public (HKEX: 1211) · 2025 · energy-storage.news
5
CORNEX
Wuhan, China · LFP storage cells
Top 10 (9th per InfoLink; share not published)
Private · Nov 2026 · bsl-battery.com

System integrators

Commercial (realized) · ranked by: Wood Mackenzie 2025 global integrator rank

Companies that design and deliver complete grid battery systems. Ranked by Wood Mackenzie's 2025 global integrator ranking.

Market context · 5 companies · established commercial leaders, for scale

1
Tesla Energy
Austin, TX, USA · Megapack grid batteries; #1 in North America too
#2
Public (NASDAQ: TSLA) · Nov 2026 · woodmac.com
2
Sungrow
Hefei, China · PowerTitan systems; also a leading inverter maker
#1
Public (SZSE: 300274) · Nov 2026 · woodmac.com
3
BYD Energy Storage
Shenzhen, China · Integrated cells-to-systems
#4
Subsidiary of BYD (HKEX: 1211) · Nov 2026 · battery-tech.net
–
NextEra Energyunverified
Juno Beach, FL, USA · Utility developer-integrator; top 3 in North America
Chinese integrators hold 76% of the global market
Top 3 North America
Public (NYSE: NEE) · Jun 2026 · woodmac.com
–
Fluence
Arlington, VA, USA · Siemens/AES joint venture; Gridstack systems
#7
Public (NASDAQ: FLNC) · Nov 2026 · woodmac.com

Critical inputs

What lithium-ion depends on, what each input does in this technology, and how exposed it is (red high, blue medium, green low). Prices are 2025 averages (USGS); live prices arrive with Markets.

Graphite

HIGH EXPOSUREUS critical mineral

The anode in nearly all lithium-ion cells.

IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK

How much is used: About 1 kg per kWh.
Substitutes: Silicon blends and lithium titanate; sodium-ion uses hard carbon.
Supply risk for this use: China supplies about 78% of natural graphite and nearly all battery-grade anode material; the US imports 100%. China has restricted graphite exports since 2023.

pubs.usgs.gov

Price: Flake $1,000/t import value (2025)
Producers: China 78%, Madagascar 4%, Tanzania 4%, Brazil 4% (natural)
US import reliance: 100%
US imports from: China 46%, Canada 13%, Mozambique 13%, Mexico 12%

Largest producer: China

Lithium

MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral

Carries the charge in every lithium-ion cell; in LFP and NMC cathodes and in the electrolyte.

IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK

How much is used: About 0.1 kg of lithium (0.6 kg lithium carbonate equivalent) per kWh.
Substitutes: Sodium-ion batteries for some stationary storage.
Supply risk for this use: Mining is spread across Australia, Chile, China and Argentina, but China refines most of it; US import reliance is over 50%.

pubs.usgs.gov

Price: $9,000/t battery-grade carbonate (2025 avg)
Producers: Australia 32%, China 21%, Chile 19%, Zimbabwe 10%
US import reliance: >50%
US imports from: Chile 54%, Argentina 43%

Largest producer: Australia

Nickel

MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral

Raises energy density in NMC cathodes (not used in LFP, which dominates storage).

IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK

How much is used: About 0.5–0.8 kg per kWh in high-nickel NMC; zero in LFP.
Substitutes: LFP chemistry avoids it entirely.
Supply risk for this use: Indonesia mines about two-thirds of world supply with Chinese processing; storage has largely moved to LFP.

pubs.usgs.gov

Price: $15,000/t LME (2025 avg)
Producers: Indonesia 67%, Philippines 7%, Russia 5%, New Caledonia 4%
US import reliance: 41%
US imports from: Canada 44%, Norway 11%, Australia 8%

Largest producer: Indonesia

Cobalt

MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral

Stabilizes NMC cathodes.

IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK

How much is used: About 0.1–0.2 kg per kWh in NMC; zero in LFP.
Substitutes: LFP and low-cobalt cathodes.
Supply risk for this use: DR Congo mines about 74% of the world's cobalt and China refines most of it; storage largely avoids it via LFP.

pubs.usgs.gov

Price: $21/lb US spot cathode (2025)
Producers: DR Congo 74%, Indonesia 14%, Russia 2%, Madagascar 1%
US import reliance: 79%
US imports from: Norway 26%, Finland 16%, Canada 14%, Japan 14%

Largest producer: DR Congo

Manganese

MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral

Cathode material in NMC and the newer LMFP chemistry.

IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK

How much is used: Small in NMC; larger in LMFP.
Substitutes: Iron (LFP).
Supply risk for this use: South Africa and Gabon lead mining; the US imports 100%, and battery-grade manganese sulfate is mostly made in China.

pubs.usgs.gov

Price: $4.50/mtu, CIF China (2025)
Producers: South Africa 38%, Gabon 25%, Ghana 10%, Australia 8%
US import reliance: 100%
US imports from: Ore: Gabon 64%, South Africa 24%, Mexico 12%

Largest producer: South Africa

Copper

MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral

Anode current collector foil, busbars and wiring.

IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK

How much is used: About 0.5–1 kg per kWh at the cell and pack level.
Substitutes: Aluminum current collectors in sodium-ion.
Supply risk for this use: Widely traded; tariffs raise US cost.

pubs.usgs.gov

Price: $4.80/lb COMEX (2025 avg)
Producers: Chile 23%, DR Congo 14%, Peru 12%, China 8%
US import reliance: 57%
US imports from: Refined copper: Chile 68%, Canada 16%, Peru 7%, Mexico 6%

Largest producer: Chile

Aluminum

MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral

Cathode current collector foil and pack enclosures.

IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK

How much is used: Several kg per kWh at the pack level.
Substitutes: Steel for enclosures.
Supply risk for this use: The US imports 60%; China smelts most of the world's aluminum, and Section 232 tariffs raise cost.

pubs.usgs.gov

Price: $1.80/lb US spot ingot (2025)
Producers: Smelting: China 61%, India 6%, Russia 5%, Canada 4%. Bauxite: Guinea 34%, Australia 22%, China 20%
US import reliance: 60%
US imports from: Canada 56%, UAE 8%, Bahrain 4%

Largest producer: China

Silicon

MEDIUM EXPOSUREUS critical mineral

Blended into anodes to raise energy density (emerging).

IN DEPTH: AMOUNT, SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLY RISK

How much is used: Small today, growing.
Substitutes: Graphite (current standard).
Supply risk for this use: China produces about 87% of silicon metal.

pubs.usgs.gov

Price: $1.30/lb silicon metal (2025)
Producers: Silicon metal: China 87%, Brazil 4%, Norway 3%
US import reliance: > 50% (silicon metal)
US imports from: Ferrosilicon: Russia 30%, Brazil 16%, Canada 13%

Largest producer: China

Technologies

What changed recently

Activity timeline

Leading companies

Critical inputs

Government funding opportunities tagged Lithium-ion

What changed recently

Activity timeline

Leading companies

Critical inputs

Government funding opportunities tagged Lithium-ion

Furthest along